BSE Sharing: [Renew./Inno.] [AC] [EL] [PD] 問﹕有啲乜Innovative / Environmental Friendly Building Services Design?

答﹕

Heat Recovery Chiller
我地平時Cooling Tower嗰Loop會帶走廢熱，但Heat Recovery Chiller 就利用呢啲廢熱嚟用，如Hot water storage.
但要注意既係，呢啲Low Temperature heat 好多時用途不太大，要Series 咁駁住Heat Pump 將呢啲Heat 升溫嚟變成啲更有用既熱，大概係37度升到45度；此外要留意埋個Condenser散熱，因為散熱唔會會影响個Chiller performance, 解決方案一係連埋個Cooling Tower 一齊用；解決方案二係散熱既水可能係Constant Flow嚟Ensure Chiller performance.

咁Heat Recovery Chiller 同 Heat Pump 有乜分別？兩者都係一頭比凍一頭熱。
佢地最大分別係
Heat Recovery Chiller designed to CHILLED WATER;
Heat Pump designed to Hot Water.
前者Condense Loop uncontrolled, 為咗chilled water 穩定，所以會配合埋Cooling Tower 用；
後者Evaporative Loop uncontrolled;

Ice Storage System

用台Dual Mode Chiller 响夜晚做冰嚟Shift Load, 要配合Ice Storage Tank使用

通常係受惠電費政策先會用，因為Ice making, Ice melt 都會有energy loss, 兼且Dual Mode Chiller Ice Making Mode個COP都唔會太高，大概3.5

一般運作會係

夜晚﹕行Normal Chiller + Ice Making Mode

日頭﹕1. 行Normal Chiller; 2. Melting Ice; 3. Peak到都頂唔晒嗰陣先係Dual Mode Chiller, 因為Dual Mode Chiller 個COP就算係佢Normal Condition COP 都係比普通Chiller低

Sea Water Cooling

响個Condenser嗰 Loop用海水冷却而唔係用Cooling Tower, 分為Direct Sea Water Cooling & Indirector Sea Water Cooling, 後者多個Heat Exchanger冇咁易積垃圾或海洋生物，但效率當然會低咗。但Heat Exchanger 都好，一樣會有垃圾或微生物積响條管度降低效率，可彩取以下方法﹕

- Mesh Screen

- Electro-Chlorination, 大概就係利用電解海水後一系列化學反應殺微生物；

- Biocides, 即係殺蟲劑

仲有種叫Surface Water Cooling, 唔用Chiller進一步降溫直接經Heat Exchanger用，大前提都係，要有合適水源

Chiller Single Loop with VSD

呢篇裡面有講，唔重複﹕

https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/ac-chilled-water-distribution-loop.html

VAV with VSD

呢篇裡面有講，唔重複﹕

https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/04/ac-vavcav-cav.html

Indirect Evaporating Pre-cooling of Primary Air

一Loop用類似Cooling Tower原理整凍條管，再經Heat Exchanger pre-terat outdoor air

Absorption Chiller

呢篇裡面有講，唔重複﹕

https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/ac-chiller.html

Combined Cooling, Heat and Power CCHP (Trigeneration) or Combined Heat and Power CHP (Cogeneration)

見 https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2022/02/acelrnewinno-cogeneration-chp.html

Displacement Ventilation

平時啲冷氣係放得高，凍+相對高風速；但Displayment Ventilation 就放得低啲，及改以相對高溫及低風速派冷氣，再利用熱空氣向上升原理Return.

咁做可以增加supply chilled water temperature 及減細啲把Return Fan風速，Louver出風風速低又可以降低System Pressure, 從而達到節能。經Temperature/Humidity Sensor控制個Modulating Volume Control Damper大細嚟調節。

Heat Recovery Wheel / Disiccant Wheel / Heat Pipe / Liquid Desiccant

See: https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/04/ac-dehumidification-humidification.html

Radiant Ceiling / Chilled Beam / Chilled Ceiling

室內熱量通過Natural Convection & Radiation 由Ceiling Chilled Beam吸收，再冷空氣向下沉，慳返啲Ventilation Fan，再以Dehumidification Air control humidity

Also refer: https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/04/ac-chilled-ceiling-system.html

District Cooling

See: https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/04/ac-district-cooling-system.html

All Variable Speed Chilled Water Plant Control

將Chillers, Chilled Water Pumps, Condensing Water Pumps, Cooling Tower Fans 都配VSD, 再做個Central 統一控制去optimize

Fuzzy (音﹕花時) Logic Control Algorithms

Traditional Logic: 唔係1 就係 0, 溫度低過某水平，就開盡冷氣；一夠凍就熄機，會成日又開又關做成耗能。

Fuzzy Logic Control: 考慮多個因素諸如濕度、溫度等因素再做一個加權平均數嚟做調整。

舉個比喻，就好似一個要控制體重响68-70kg既人，如果佢一重過呢個數，就即刻唔食嘢，跟住可能唔食嘢一下子輕過68kg好多，跟住又暴飲暴食追返上去。咁就會時而過飽時而唔食。

Fuzzy Logic 就放多好多考慮參數入去，例如呢期有冇好嘢食，心情如何，運動量如何等等，最後得出一個參數再決定食定唔食。

响冷氣系統度，呢啲參數可能係溫度、溫度、Occupancy Patterns etc.

Physical Scale Prevention Technologies

- Electromagnetic Induction Device

Chiller防水垢，响Condense Loop嗰度加個Electromagnetic Induction Device

咁做可以改變雜質既化學特性令其更加Soluble in water insteat of form hard scale.

- Automatic Tube Cleansing System

射啲波波入去刷水垢再接返，主要洗個Chiller Condenser

Central Control & Monitoring System CCMS or Building Management System BMS

Computer software program, usually configured in a hierarchical manner, to control, monitor and manage all the equipment installed in the building.

Oil Free Chiller

See: https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/ac-chiller.html

Solid State Refrigeration

即係制冷片，COP不高，暫時只係用响啲冷熱水機度，當然有可能有朝一日好似Heat Pump咁成為主流。呢種嘢最大特點係唔洗好似普通Chiller Plant咁要compressor特mechanical moving parts, low maintenance fee, 但同一時間都係要散熱，如果廢熱可以好似Heat Pump咁有效運用就好得多。

Power Factor Correction Device

BEEO有講Power Lagging要求，Impedance load 用到

Harmonic Filter

首先要知乜嘢係Linear Load乜嘢係Non Linear Load

Linear Load - 好似一隻普通摩打咁，比Voltage落去，個Impedance係Constant, Voltage同Current係Proportional;

Non Linear Load - Impedance not constant, Current is not proportion to voltage, 但都會顯示週期特性。VSD, Electronic / IT Devices are example.

呢啲Non Linear Load 會制造unwanted current to electrical system, 可以加Harmonic Filter 解決，分別係Passive & Passive. 顧名思義，一種係做個類似Air Filter, 另一種係造一種同佢完全反方向既Current進行抵消。BEEO有講Total Harmonic Distortion THD 要求。

Services on Demand Escalator

電梯前個Sensor同重力感應啟動。空載期間一般係會極慢行而唔會停晒，即使停晒慳電啲，但選擇慢行係因為唔想啲人以為部電梯壞咗。

Hall Call Allocation, Double Deck, Energy Reclaim, VVVF

呢篇裡面有講，唔重複﹕

https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/el-lift-elevator.html

Light Emitting Capacitor (LEC) Exit Sign

特點﹕輕薄，慳電，High visibility in darkness & smoke, 唔洗點維護

同LED一樣，都係慳電。左圖係LEC, 右圖係LED

Tritium Self-Luminous Exit Sign

一條熒光管，裡面入啲氚，再通過Beta衰變打啲電子落磷度從而發光。有十年以上壽命。

但呢隻輻射嘢嚟要過Radiation Board of Hong Kong

Lighting (Digital & Addressable Lighting Interface DALI, Occupancy Sensors, Photocell Sensors)
呢篇裡面有講，唔重複﹕
https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/el.html

Tubular Daylighting System
攞條導管從室外引入自然光

Nano Reflector / Mirro Reflector
T5管個反射，由於T5管啲光四散效率唔高，所以加個好既反射器(納米)嚟聚光，LED冇呢個問題。光管長線都係被淘汰，得個知字。

High Effieiency Motor & VSD
EMSD BEEO有講要求

Grey Water / Rain Water Recovery
收集啲雨水嚟淋花，或Cooling Tower 啲Bleed-off用嚟沖廁。
有單香港JOB用過前者，原理大概係收集兩水後，响地下挖一個大石矢缸放隻潛水泵入去。

之後要加Carbon Filter, Sand Filter, Ultraviolet Sterilizer 嚟加工啲水

Water Tap / Urinal / WC Infra Red Sensor, Dual Volume Flushing

仲有啲慳水既出水咀，WC大細水沖廁etc.

Wind Turbine
詳細接Grid等注意事項please refer: https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/03/renewinno-solar-related-system-with.html

Biomass
香港冇乜機會用，得個知字。原理大概係燒木碎或廢木點著個Gas Engine生熱或做熱水。