[Contract] 問﹕香港 Building 有邊幾種Contract係常用？有啲乜特點？

答﹕

講之前先搞清Bills of Quantities BQ 同 Schedule of Rates SoR分別﹕
- BQ係將Drawings+Spec.裡面嘅嘢清清楚楚Items連數量列晒出嚟，會form part of contract;
- SoR淨係將啲Rate列出嚟，但冇個量；就算佢好人整埋比你都好，個數量都只係比你參考，而唔會form part of contract;

做 Building 最常用，應該係 

- Lump Sum Contract with Drawings and Specification
個tenderer只會收到圖同spec.唔會有BQ，跟住就自己跟圖估一個總價，承諾呢個價搞掂啲嘢；相對細型嘅project或E&M contract會用到，如果係大型project用的話風險相對較高；

- Lump Sum Contract with firm BQ
同上類似，但個BQ係Architect/Engineer/QS比埋你；個BQ可能會用"provisional quantities"包埋一啲出標前未有design detail嘅嘢，或用"provisional sums"包一啲出標前未design嘅嘢；總之就係盡量確保返標個價係包得齊晒所有要做嘅嘢；對報標者最大好處係慳返數數量時間，唔洗揹數錯嘅風險

- Design and Build Contract
Tenderer包Design, Construction, contract 用一個總價去批出；

Traditional Contract 同 Design and Build Contract 最大分別係前者將價就貨，後者將貨就價。

舉一例，你想炒一碟蝦仁蛋飯，Traditional Contract 係寫清楚點嘢要點炒法，要用啲乜料。出咗標後，如果忽然想將蝦改做龍蝦，一樣改得，加錢就得。雖然改下改下好易超支，但件貨質量就有保障。

Design and Build Contract 就連碟嘢點炒要用乜料都唔洗諗，直接出標叫人整碟嘢就得。但出咗標後，人地實會搵啲最平嘅料同最慳氣慳力嘅方法同你炒，件貨質量實唔多好；同埋如果出標後忽然想改設計，條數就冇Traditional Contract咁易計。Design and build對於純功能性嘅項目如工廠大廈會較好，但如果係有好多architectural input嘅樓如office, 住宅等就冇咁好，因為仲有個問題係無論出個design brief也好，contractor做design返標，及tender assessment等嘅時間都會長唔少。

如果係某啲specicalist, e.g. lift, security etc., 都有可能係用個別嘅design and build合約，再將其包入main contract。

- Construction Management Contract

簡單嚟講即係業主借大判嘅人頭去做項目管理，至於最終單project賺蝕好，唔關個大判事，佢地只收人頭費。

- Remeasurement Contract containing BQ
一般civil projects會用到，個Tenderer楂住個BQ (可能係provisional quantities, 一個大約嘅數量) 乘收費率就攞到總投標價，但做完後會再實地量度一次嚟決定點找數；

- Remeasurement Contract containing SoR
同上類似，但個量就落標嗰陣估唔到，响啲經常性或維修工程會用到；

- Cost Reimbursement Contract
Contractor 嘅實際成本再加利潤嚟找數，穩賺冇賠，一般會用响啲緊急工程度；

Build - Operate - Transfer BOT
- 例子就係起隧道咁，由方案、設計、建造、營運等全部交晒比個contractor，跟住佢地有廿年經營權，之後交返比政府；

Tender Stage 包括﹕

1.	Prepare tender list of contractor - Acturally client 有心目中人選 - Proposed by consultant, 或以前啲Job experience, 分named/nominated, 通常都係bind 埋入main contact; named: 有幾個比你揀； nominated: 冇得比你揀，指定呢個就用呢個；
2.	Cost estimation of design scheme solution - Consultant 除咗用RLB嘅figure外，都有自己嘅figure by past job experience; - Lift cycle cost: initial cost, operation cost, maintenance cost, life of equipment, inflation rate, payback period;
3.	Assist QS for preparation of BQ - SoR by BS Engineer; - Optional items, e.g. EAF 3 nos. each 50L/s, total 150L/s; or 2 nos. each 75L/s, etc.;
4.	Answer tender query - Answer query: Discrepancy of drawing/Spec.;  - Issue query: Price / Brand / Country or origin;
5.	Tender analysis - 搵啲Unreasonable rate; - 做個Table比較各家Offer Planning, programming, O-chart, method statement, technical proposal, long delivery items / plants;
6.	Tenderer interview - technical submission / Equipment schedule / delivery schedule etc.;

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如果係做public works的話，發展局有張list限制邊啲contractor先可以落標；Group A只可承擔低於1.5億、Group B低於4億、Group C高於4億。可以去發展局嘅網頁參考﹕https://www.devb.gov.hk/en/construction_sector_matters/contractors/contractor/index.html

再以BS為例，例如做FS installation, 就要响發展局"認可公共工程物料供應商及專門承造商名冊 The List of Approved Suppliers of Materials and Specialist Contractors for Public Works"入面度搵fs contractor, 當中又分group or class, 可以到"工程類別、級別及組別說明 Category, Class and Group Description"入面度睇佢地嘅定義，就以消防工程為例，係分咗Group I or II. Group I的話只可承包460萬以下嘅合約，而Group II就冇限制。

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話說CIC 2019年出版關於工程合約嘅參考文件 Reference Material on Selection of Contractors 寫得幾清晰，值得一讀。