2020年5月3日星期日

[Contract] 問﹕香港 Building 有邊幾種Contract係常用?有啲乜特點?

答﹕

講之前先搞清Bills of Quantities BQ 同 Schedule of Rates SoR分別﹕

- BQ係將Drawings+Spec.裡面嘅嘢清清楚楚Items連數量列晒出嚟,會form part of contract;

- SoR淨係將啲Rate列出嚟,但冇個量;就算佢好人整埋比你都好,個數量都只係比你參考,而唔會form part of contract;

做 Building 最常用,應該係 


- Lump Sum Contract with Drawings and Specification

個tenderer只會收到圖同spec.唔會有BQ,跟住就自己跟圖估一個總價,承諾呢個價搞掂啲嘢;相對細型嘅project或E&M contract會用到,如果係大型project用的話風險相對較高;

- Lump Sum Contract with firm BQ

同上類似,但個BQ係Architect/Engineer/QS比埋你;個BQ可能會用"provisional quantities"包埋一啲出標前未有design detail嘅嘢,或用"provisional sums"包一啲出標前未design嘅嘢;總之就係盡量確保返標個價係包得齊晒所有要做嘅嘢;對報標者最大好處係慳返數數量時間,唔洗揹數錯嘅風險

- Design and Build Contract

Tenderer包Design, Construction, contract 用一個總價去批出;

Traditional Contract 同 Design and Build Contract 最大分別係前者將價就貨,後者將貨就價。

舉一例,你想炒一碟蝦仁蛋飯,Traditional Contract 係寫清楚點嘢要點炒法,要用啲乜料。出咗標後,如果忽然想將蝦改做龍蝦,一樣改得,加錢就得。雖然改下改下好易超支,但件貨質量就有保障。

Design and Build Contract 就連碟嘢點炒要用乜料都唔洗諗,直接出標叫人整碟嘢就得。但出咗標後,人地實會搵啲最平嘅料同最慳氣慳力嘅方法同你炒,件貨質量實唔多好;同埋如果出標後忽然想改設計,條數就冇Traditional Contract咁易計。Design and build對於純功能性嘅項目如工廠大廈會較好,但如果係有好多architectural input嘅樓如office, 住宅等就冇咁好,因為仲有個問題係無論出個design brief也好,contractor做design返標,及tender assessment等嘅時間都會長唔少。

如果係某啲specicalist, e.g. lift, security etc., 都有可能係用個別嘅design and build合約,再將其包入main contract。

- Construction Management Contract
簡單嚟講即係業主借大判嘅人頭去做項目管理,至於最終單project賺蝕好,唔關個大判事,佢地只收人頭費。

- Remeasurement Contract containing BQ

一般civil projects會用到,個Tenderer楂住個BQ (可能係provisional quantities, 一個大約嘅數量) 乘收費率就攞到總投標價,但做完後會再實地量度一次嚟決定點找數;

- Remeasurement Contract containing SoR

同上類似,但個量就落標嗰陣估唔到,响啲經常性或維修工程會用到;

- Cost Reimbursement Contract

Contractor 嘅實際成本再加利潤嚟找數,穩賺冇賠,一般會用响啲緊急工程度;

Build - Operate - Transfer BOT

- 例子就係起隧道咁,由方案、設計、建造、營運等全部交晒比個contractor,跟住佢地有廿年經營權,之後交返比政府


Tender Stage 包括﹕


1.
Prepare tender list of contractor
- Actually client 有心目中人選
- Proposed by consultant, 或以前啲Job experience, 分named/nominated, 通常都係bind 埋入main contact;
named: 有幾個比你揀;
nominated: 冇得比你揀,指定呢個就用呢個;
2.
Cost estimation of design scheme solution
- Consultant 除咗用RLB嘅figure外,都有自己figure by past job experience;
- Lift cycle cost: initial cost, operation cost, maintenance cost, life of equipment, inflation rate, payback period;
3.
Assist QS for preparation of BQ
- SoR by BS Engineer;
- Optional items, e.g. EAF 3 nos. each 50L/s, total 150L/s; or 2 nos. each 75L/s, etc.;
4.
Answer tender query
- Answer query: Discrepancy of drawing/Spec.; 
- Issue query: Price / Brand / Country or origin;
5.
Tender analysis
- 搵啲Unreasonable rate;
- 做個Table比較各家Offer
Planning, programming, O-chart, method statement, technical proposal, long delivery items / plants;
6.
Tenderer interview
- technical submission / Equipment schedule / delivery schedule etc.;

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如果係做public works的話,發展局有張list限制邊啲contractor先可以落標;Group A只可承擔低於1.5億、Group B低於4億、Group C高於4億。可以去發展局嘅網頁參考﹕https://www.devb.gov.hk/en/construction_sector_matters/contractors/contractor/index.html
再以BS為例,例如做FS installation, 就要响發展局"認可公共工程物料供應商及專門承造商名冊 The List of Approved Suppliers of Materials and Specialist Contractors for Public Works"入面度搵fs contractor, 當中又分group or class, 可以到"工程類別、級別及組別說明 Category, Class and Group Description"入面度睇佢地嘅定義,就以消防工程為例,係分咗Group I or II. Group I的話只可承包460萬以下嘅合約,而Group II就冇限制。

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話說CIC 2019年出版關於工程合約嘅參考文件 Reference Material on Selection of Contractors 寫得幾清晰,值得一讀。

5 則留言:

  1. 喵,知唔知以前起樓有日照法?
    仲有如果醫院裝備唔夠時BS有咩可以做去support 醫療?

    回覆刪除
    回覆
    1. 有聽聞過喵,你見香港市面有啲樓係金字塔咁越高樓面面積越小,就係因為日照法。但好似幾廿年前已冇咗。
      如果醫院裝備唔夠時BS有咩可以做去support 醫療?<--唔識喵,我睇或者用火神山醫院例子,BS整合DfMA MiC快速起好座新醫院會唔會係其中一個答案?見 https://elvissharing.blogspot.com/2020/04/renewinno.html

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    2. 日照法搵到wiki
      https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%97%E5%BD%B1%E6%B3%95

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